The trial of John Scopes concerning the teaching of evolutionary theory in schools.
This is a famous test case in 1925, brought in response to an Act which was the result of lobbying by a farmer in Tennessee, John Washington Butler, which prohibited the teaching of Evolution as fact. Interestingly, Butler later stated, "I didn't know anything about evolution ... I'd read in the papers that boys and girls were coming home from school and telling their fathers and mothers that the Bible was all nonsense."
From this test case in the small town Dayton, Tennessee, came a huge amount of publicity and later, in the 1960s, a sensationalised and factually false portrayal of the trial in a play and then a film called “Inherit the Wind” was released. This film deliberately gave the impression that the trial was effectively between ignorant bible-thumping fundamentalists and the forces of scientific progress.
If anything, the disagreement was between different branches of the Christian Church, many of which had no problem with physical evolution.
While there are certainly Christians who would dogmatically oppose scientific hypotheses without looking at the facts, there are many who see no need for conflict. What we see is more about personalities and politics than Theism or Christianity.